格拉沃利讷海战的起因是什么?是在什么背景下发生的

  16世纪中叶,西班牙正处于鼎盛时代,到1556年腓力二世继承西班牙王位时,其领地不但遍及西欧,而且还囊括了加勒比海上的众多岛屿。在墨西哥、秘鲁和智力广阔土地上也飘扬着西班牙的旗帜。太平洋更成为了西班牙人的内海,他们的运宝帆船可以再瓦尔帕莱索到巴拿马之间的海域放心地航行。当1580年葡萄牙王室绝嗣后,腓力二世又作为理论上的唯一合法继承人加冕为葡萄牙国王。伊比利亚半岛成为了一个国家,葡萄牙人在大西洋中部、非洲沿岸、波斯湾、印度与东南亚的一连串殖民商站也成为了西班牙的囊中之物。当时的西班牙几乎可以看做是十六世纪的“日不落帝国”。

  但是,其他欧洲国家也在虎视眈眈地觊觎着西班牙人从“新世界”所获得的巨大利益。从1555年法国胡格诺教徒洗劫了古巴的哈瓦那并一度在弗罗里达海岸建立了殖民据点开始,越来越多的欧洲冒险家出现在原本西班牙的势力范围之内。作为一个不断上升的民族国家,英格兰的注意力也开始越来越多地投向海外。从1497年卡伯特兄弟发现纽芬兰开始,英国的海上探险也拉开了序幕。当约翰·霍金斯和法兰西斯·德雷克以三角贸易方式渗透进入西属美洲时,西班牙殖民政府开始将英国人看作其在美洲垄断经营的一个不可容忍的威胁。

  1568年,在圣胡安德乌卢阿,霍金斯船队遭到了西班牙舰队的突然袭击,只有少数人乘船逃脱。至此,英西双方的冲突正式开始公开化,他们互相试探对方的底线。1585年荷兰军队在西班牙弗兰德斯军团的打击下节节败退之时,伊丽莎白一世同荷兰人签署了农萨奇条约,并承诺为后者提供军事和财政支援。这标志着英西双方进入了“官方”的敌对状态。由于前苏格兰女王玛丽反对伊丽莎白的密谋“证据确凿”,伊丽莎白在1587年2月下诏将其斩首。这个事件使腓力二世获得了一个极好的借口。当西班牙外交使团在伦敦大放和平烟雾的同时,由西班牙老将圣克鲁兹侯爵担任司令的无敌舰队筹备工作也正在里斯本紧张进行中,一场大战不可避免。

  

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